Our New Pontiff: Pope Francis

WE HAVE A NEW POPE!!!

Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio is our new Pope!  He has chosen the name Pope Francis I.

He is the 266th Pope.
He is our first Jesuit Pope.
He is our first Pope from the Americas.
He is the first Pope to choose the name Francis.

Here is his bio from the Vatican:

Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio, S.J., Archbishop of Buenos Aires, Argentina, Ordinary for Eastern-rite faithful in Argentina who lack an Ordinary of their own rite, was born on 17 December 1936 in Buenos Aires. He was ordained for the Jesuits on 13 December 1969 during his theological studies at the Theological Faculty of San Miguel. 

He was novice master in San Miguel, where he also taught theology. He was Provincial for Argentina (1973-1979) and rector of the Philosophical and Theological Faculty of San Miguel (1980-1986). After completing his doctoral dissertation in Germany, he served as a confessor and spiritual director in Córdoba. 

On 20 May 1992 he was appointed titular Bishop of Auca and Auxiliary of Buenos Aires, receiving episcopal consecration on 27 June. On 3 June 1997 was appointed Coadjutor Archbishop of Buenos Aires and succeeded Cardinal Antonio Quarracino on 28 February 1998. He is also Ordinary for Eastern-rite faithful in Argentina who lack an Ordinary of their own rite. 

Adjunct Relator General of the 10th Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops, October 2001. 

He served as President of the Bishops' Conference of Argentina from 8 November 2005 until 8 November 2011. 

Created and proclaimed Cardinal by the Bl. John Paul II in the consistory of 21 February 2001, of the Title of S. Roberto Bellarmino (St. Robert Bellarmine). 

Member of:

• Congregations: for Divine Worship and Discipline of the Sacraments; for the Clergy; for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life ;
• Pontifical Council for the Family;
• Pontifical Commission for Latin America.

Taken from the Vatican website.

Extra Reading:

Here are the Vatican bios for all of the Cardinal Electors

Vatican News on Pope Francis I

Keep Pursuing

How is a New Pope Elected?

How is a new Pope elected?
A new Pope is elected by a conclave.

What is a conclave?
A conclave is a gathering of Cardinals to elect a new Pope.  Cardinals must be under the age of 80 in order to participate in the conclave.

When is the conclave held?
The conclave must begin within 20 days of the papal vacancy.

How long does the conclave last?
The conclave will last as long as it takes to elect a new Pope.  Historically, the shortest conclave was one day and the longest was three years.

How does the conclave work?
Days in the conclave are divided into a morning session and an afternoon session.  There is one vote per session.  If a candidate receives two thirds of the vote (a super majority) he is elected as the next Pope.

What happens once a new Pope is elected?
First, the Cardinals ask him if he accepts.  If he accepts, then the Cardinals ask him what his papal name will be.  After accepting, he becomes the Pope and ushered into the Room of Tears to put on his new vestments.

What's up with the smoke?
The smoke is how the conclave let's the world know whether a new Pope has been selected.  After each round of voting, they burn the ballots.  They add chemicals to the ballots to produce different colors of smoke.  Black smoke means no new Pope yet.  White smoke means a new Pope has been selected!


Additional Resources

If you would like to read more, a number of fantastic resources are available.

• Focus has released a spectacular illustrated guide on the conclave:
• Illustrated Guide to the Conclave

• Aleteia has produced a great article that provides the details and some historical background:
• How is a New Pope Elected?

• And a website called Electing the Pope also provides a wealth of resources and knowledge on the subject:
• Electing the Pope

Keep Pursuing

Moral Relativism

Moral relativism is used by many today to justify actions and defend arguments.  In this post I will explore what moral relativism is, whether anyone actually believes it, and whether it is plausible.


What is moral relativism?

Moral Relativism is a family of views that state that there are no moral absolutes.  Rather moral right and wrong are relative to something else (such as ideals, cultures, feelings, etc.).

For the sake of brevity and utility, in this post we will define moral relativity as "the view that there are not moral absolutes, but rather moral truth varies from individual to individual".  (See Appendix below for more information.)


Do you really believe in moral relativism?

By definition, moral relativity does not merely mean that people can differ on moral beliefs, it means that two people who make two mutually exclusive moral decisions are both actually morally right.  Here is an example to illustrate:

• Steve believes stealing is bad.  
• John believes stealing is good.  
• Steve witnesses a car robbery that he has the power to stop and he stops it.   
• Joe witnesses the same car robbery, but instead he helps the robbers.
• According to moral relativity, Steve and John do not just have different moral views, they both actually did the morally right thing.

Does that make sense to you?

Let's try another one.  If you believe in relativism then what the Nazis did in the holocaust is not only acceptable, it was right thing to do.

I don't think anyone believes that.

We can try again with a more recent example.  If you believe in moral relativism, then hijacking a plane, flying it into a building, and killing hundreds of people can be the right thing to do if you believe it is right.

You don't believe that.

Believing in moral relativity means theft, racism, sexism, slavery, murder, and rape are morally correct if the person believes they are correct.

If you believe any of those things are wrong, then you aren't a moral relativist.


Is moral relativism even logically plausible?

According to moral relativism there are no absolute moral truths.  However, this statement IS a moral absolute.  It has already contradicted itself.  Moral relativism refutes itself.  So no, it is not logically plausible.


Conclusion

In short, no one actually believes in moral relativism.  So don't let people get away with saying they do.  

If they persist in asserting that they believe in moral relativism use the examples above to show them that they really don't believe in it.  (Or better yet, just steal their car...they shouldn't care...right?)

Now stop wasting time on this non-sense!

Keep Pursuing

Appendix

Fun with Relativism

Relativism rejects absolutes as its premise.  As a result, relativism cannot offer a single reason why it is true.  It cannot prove or disprove anything.  As soon as it makes an absolute statement it is proven wrong.  Here is some silly fun you can have with relativists:

1. A Moral Relativist asserts there is no right and wrong
2. A Moral Absolutist asserts that stealing is absolutely wrong
3. A Moral Relativist asserts the Absolutists is wrong
4. 1 and 3 contradict each other...Poof

1. Moral Relativism and Moral Absolutism are mutually exclusive
2. Moral Relativism states there is no right and no wrong
3. Therefor Moral Relativism cannot be right...Poof

1. Moral Relativism and Moral Absolutism are mutually exclusive
2. Moral Relativism states there is no right and no wrong
3. Therefor Moral Absolutism cannot be wrong...Poof

1. Moral Relativism states there are no moral absolutes
2. 1 is an absolute moral statement...Poof

Deeper Dive...

The definition of moral relativism used in this post does not capture the dizzying complexities of the meta-ethical discussions in moral relativism.  However, the definition we used will cover the 90% of the conversations you will have on moral relativism.

The definition used here is the definition championed by most people claiming morality is relative.  It is rare for people to have done ANY research into true moral relativity and its implications.

However, should you come across an "educated" moral relativist, the FIRST thing you need to do is ask him for his definition of moral relativity.  (Do not let him get away with switching between theories whenever it is convenient.)

After you learn the full extent of his brand of relativism you can explore the following resources for more than you ever wanted to read about this nonsense:

Dr. Robert Noggle
Moral Relativism: What It Is, and Why You Probably Don't Really Believe It 

Dr. Peter Kreeft
A Refutation of Moral Relativism 

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Relativism 

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Moral Relativism

Pope Benedict XVI Final Address

Pope Benedict XVI gave his final address on 2/27/13.  Witnesses said they felt like he was speaking right to them...that it was incredibly personal.

The pope usually gives his address in six languages (Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, German, French, and English).  He recently started delivering the addresses in Arabic as well.  For his final address he also spoke in Czech, Croatian, Romanian, and Slovak.  That's a total eleven languages!

You can see the whole event here:
Final Papal Audience with Pope Benedict XVI 2013-2-27

(at 1:05:10 - Pope Benedict XVI begins speaking)

(at 1:30:00 - Pope Benedict XVI begins in English)

You can read the full transcript of his final address below or at the following link:
Pope: final General Audience (full text)

Full Transcript:

Venerable Brothers in the Episcopate and in the Priesthood! 

Distinguished Authorities!Dear brothers and sisters! 

Thank you for coming in such large numbers to this last General Audience of my pontificate.
Like the Apostle Paul in the biblical text that we have heard, I feel in my heart the paramount duty to thank God, who guides the Church and makes her grow: who sows His Word and thus nourishes the faith in His people. At this moment my spirit reaches out to embrace the whole Church throughout the world, and I thank God for the “news” that in these years of Petrine ministry I have been able to receive regarding the faith in the Lord Jesus Christ, and the charity that circulates in the body of the Church – charity that makes the Church to live in love – and of the hope that opens for us the way towards the fullness of life, and directs us towards the heavenly homeland. 

I feel I [ought to] carry everyone in prayer, in a present that is God’s, where I recall every meeting, every voyage, every pastoral visit. I gather everyone and every thing in prayerful recollection, in order to entrust them to the Lord: in order that we might have full knowledge of His will, with every wisdom and spiritual understanding, and in order that we might comport ourselves in a manner that is worthy of Him, of His, bearing fruit in every good work (cf. Col 1:9-10). 

At this time, I have within myself a great trust [in God], because I know – all of us know – that the Gospel’s word of truth is the strength of the Church: it is her life. The Gospel purifies and renews: it bears fruit wherever the community of believers hears and welcomes the grace of God in truth and lives in charity. This is my faith, this is my joy. 

When, almost eight years ago, on April 19th, [2005], I agreed to take on the Petrine ministry, I held steadfast in this certainty, which has always accompanied me. In that moment, as I have already stated several times, the words that resounded in my heart were: “Lord, what do you ask of me? It a great weight that You place on my shoulders, but, if You ask me, at your word I will throw out the nets, sure that you will guide me” – and the Lord really has guided me. He has been close to me: daily could I feel His presence. [These years] have been a stretch of the Church’s pilgrim way, which has seen moments joy and light, but also difficult moments. I have felt like St. Peter with the Apostles in the boat on the Sea of ​​Galilee: the Lord has given us many days of sunshine and gentle breeze, days in which the catch has been abundant; [then] there have been times when the seas were rough and the wind against us, as in the whole history of the Church it has ever been - and the Lord seemed to sleep. Nevertheless, I always knew that the Lord is in the barque, that the barque of the Church is not mine, not ours, but His - and He shall not let her sink. It is He, who steers her: to be sure, he does so also through men of His choosing, for He desired that it be so. This was and is a certainty that nothing can tarnish. It is for this reason, that today my heart is filled with gratitude to God, for never did He leave me or the Church without His consolation, His light, His love. 

We are in the Year of Faith, which I desired in order to strengthen our own faith in God in a context that seems to push faith more and more toward the margins of life. I would like to invite everyone to renew firm trust in the Lord. I would like that we all, entrust ourselves as children to the arms of God, and rest assured that those arms support us and us to walk every day, even in times of struggle. I would like everyone to feel loved by the God who gave His Son for us and showed us His boundless love. I want everyone to feel the joy of being Christian. In a beautiful prayer to be recited daily in the morning says, “I adore you, my God, I love you with all my heart. I thank You for having created me, for having made me a Christian.” Yes, we are happy for the gift of faith: it is the most precious good, that no one can take from us! Let us thank God for this every day, with prayer and with a coherent Christian life. God loves us, but He also expects that we love Him! 

At this time, however, it is not only God, whom I desire to thank. A Pope is not alone in guiding St. Peter’s barque, even if it is his first responsibility – and I have not ever felt myself alone in bearing either the joys or the weight of the Petrine ministry. The Lord has placed next to me many people, who, with generosity and love for God and the Church, have helped me and been close to me. First of all you, dear Brother Cardinals: your wisdom, your counsels, your friendship, were all precious to me. My collaborators, starting with my Secretary of State, who accompanied me faithfully over the years, the Secretariat of State and the whole Roman Curia, as well as all those who, in various areas, give their service to the Holy See: the many faces which never emerge, but remain in the background, in silence, in their daily commitment, with a spirit of faith and humility. They have been for me a sure and reliable support. A special thought [goes] to the Church of Rome, my diocese! I can not forget the Brothers in the Episcopate and in the Priesthood, the consecrated persons and the entire People of God: in pastoral visits, in public encounters, at Audiences, in traveling, I have always received great care and deep affection; I also loved each and every one, without exception, with that pastoral charity which is the heart of every shepherd, especially the Bishop of Rome, the Successor of the Apostle Peter. Every day I carried each of you in my prayers, with the father's heart. 

I wish my greetings and my thanks to reach everyone: the heart of a Pope expands to [embrace] the whole world. I would like to express my gratitude to the Diplomatic Corps accredited to the Holy See, which makes present the great family of nations. Here I also think of all those who work for good communication, whom I thank for their important service.
At this point I would like to offer heartfelt thanks to all the many people throughout the whole world, who, in recent weeks have sent me moving tokens of concern, friendship and prayer. Yes, the Pope is never alone: now I experience this [truth] again in a way so great as to touch my very heart. The Pope belongs to everyone, and so many people feel very close to him. It’s true that I receive letters from the world's greatest figures - from the Heads of State, religious leaders, representatives of the world of culture and so on. I also receive many letters from ordinary people who write to me simply from their heart and let me feel their affection, which is born of our being together in Christ Jesus, in the Church. These people do not write me as one might write, for example, to a prince or a great figure one does not know. They write as brothers and sisters, sons and daughters, with the sense of very affectionate family ties. Here, one can touch what the Church is – not an organization, not an association for religious or humanitarian purposes, but a living body, a community of brothers and sisters in the Body of Jesus Christ, who unites us all. To experience the Church in this way and almost be able to touch with one’s hands the power of His truth and His love, is a source of joy, in a time in which many speak of its decline. 

In recent months, I felt that my strength had decreased, and I asked God with insistence in prayer to enlighten me with His light to make me take the right decision – not for my sake, but for the good of the Church. I have taken this step in full awareness of its severity and also its novelty, but with a deep peace of mind. Loving the Church also means having the courage to make difficult, trying choices, having ever before oneself the good of the Church and not one’s own. 

Here allow me to return once again to April 19, 2005. The gravity of the decision was precisely in the fact that from that moment on I was committed always and forever by the Lord. Always – he, who assumes the Petrine ministry no longer has any privacy. He belongs always and totally to everyone, to the whole Church. His life is, so to speak, totally deprived of the private sphere. I have felt, and I feel even in this very moment, that one receives one’s life precisely when he offers it as a gift. I said before that many people who love the Lord also love the Successor of Saint Peter and are fond of him, that the Pope has truly brothers and sisters, sons and daughters all over the world, and that he feels safe in the embrace of their communion, because he no longer belongs to himself, but he belongs to all and all are truly his own.
The “always” is also a “forever” - there is no returning to private life. My decision to forgo the exercise of active ministry, does not revoke this. I do not return to private life, to a life of travel, meetings, receptions, conferences and so on. I do not abandon the cross, but remain in a new way near to the Crucified Lord. I no longer wield the power of the office for the government of the Church, but in the service of prayer I remain, so to speak, within St. Peter’s bounds. St. Benedict, whose name I bear as Pope, shall be a great example in this for me. He showed us the way to a life which, active or passive, belongs wholly to the work of God. 

I thank each and every one of you for the respect and understanding with which you have welcomed this important decision. I continue to accompany the Church on her way through prayer and reflection, with the dedication to the Lord and to His Bride, which I have hitherto tried to live daily and that I would live forever. I ask you to remember me before God, and above all to pray for the Cardinals, who are called to so important a task, and for the new Successor of Peter, that the Lord might accompany him with the light and the power of His Spirit. 

Let us invoke the maternal intercession of Mary, Mother of God and of the Church, that she might accompany each of us and the whole ecclesial community: to her we entrust ourselves, with deep trust. 

Dear friends! God guides His Church, maintains her always, and especially in difficult times. Let us never lose this vision of faith, which is the only true vision of the way of the Church and the world. In our heart, in the heart of each of you, let there be always the joyous certainty that the Lord is near, that He does not abandon us, that He is near to us and that He surrounds us with His love. Thank you!

Viva Il Papa!!

Appendix

Great reporting on the event:
A Closer Look on the Pope's Final Address

Keep Pursuing